fdi ethics manual

fdi ethics manual

It emphasises the importance of professional ethics and the need for professional ethical values as part of the dental education curriculum. It offers itself as a textbook that can be used in both graduate and post-graduate dental programmes. Even if dentists rarely deal with popular bioethical topics like trade in organs or assisted suicide, they face ethical challenges and must make ethical decisions in their everyday practice. Many of these challenges are resolved by experience. However, sometimes experience is not enough, and the dentist may need practical tools to assist with ethical decision-making. It is user-friendly and relevant to a wide and international audience, including experienced clinicians, first-year dental students, dental office managers, or policymakers. Material and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Dental department of DUHS Karachi. Study included Dental interns from different designations i.e. Post-graduates, Graduates, Under-graduates and different sub-departments i.e. Orthodontics, Endodontics, Periodontics, Community Dentistry, Oral medicine, Oral surgery etc. The research tool was a paper based Questionnaire designed by running a pilot study based on 14 Questions evaluating the core aim, with an attached consent form. The sample size was about 250 Dental interns. Descriptive and Association tests were used for statistical analysis using SPSS 16.0. Results: 250 Questionnaires were filled. Gender and Qualification were the variables. Gender vice 32% were Males and 68% were Females Dental interns. Qualification vice 20% were Post-graduates, 40% were Graduates and 40% were Under-graduates. Conclusion: The Dental interns at DUHS were found well aware of role of Dentist-Patient Co-operation in attainment of ideal Dental treatment. A positive relation is found out between Dentist-Patient’s Behavior and Treatment’s Results. A cooperative Dentist-Patient environment is found to be more time and effort saving.http://www.stairsru.ru/img/lib/eureka-powerline-central-vacuum-manual(1).xml

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With the follow-up appointments the patients are found to be more comfortable and cooperative towards their Dentists. Patients of middle age group i.e. 26-35 year are found to be more cooperative in contrast to patient at extremes of ages specially 2-12 year are found to be least cooperative. Factors like Patients Dental-instrumental phobia and lingo-cultural differences are found to be among driving factors for patients uncooperative behavior. On the other hand Dentist’s hectic scheduling and tiresome work increases Dentist’s stress level and sometime trail them towards uncooperativeness. This study also well affirmed that Ethical Dentistry is of core value in Clinical Dental Practice. Keywords Dentist-Patient Cooperation, Ethical Dentistry, Patients phobia, Dental Stress. Weiterhin nutzen wir fur anonymisierte, statistische Auswertungen der Nutzung Google Analytics, welches Cookies setzt. Mehr Informationen finden Sie in unserer Datenschutzerklarung. OK, ich bin einverstanden Ich mochte keine Google Analytics-Cookies Sie konnen es sich per E-MailJede Lieferung zzgl. Versandpauschale. Lieferungen innerhalb Deutschlands sind versandkostenfrei und erfolgen i.d.R. innerhalb von 14 Tagen. Bei Periodika sind Versandkosten inklusive. Anderungen vorbehalten. Bestellungen von Verbrauchern, die nicht dem Zweck ihrer gewerblichen oder selbstandigen beruflichen Tatigkeit dienen, Es gelten unsere Allgemeinen Geschaftsbedingungen. Bitte beachten Sie auch unsere Datenschutzerklarung. By holding productive meetings and electronic discussions, this group has tapped into the diversity of its members' experience, expertise, and knowledge of ethics, law, and philosophy in public health, private practice, urban and rural dentistry, wealthy and low- and lower-middle-income countries, traditional and modern dilemmas. This Manual is a publication of FDI World Dental Federation.http://cykjsj.com/uploadfile/20201008205102.xml

Its contents do not necessarily reflect the policies of the FDI, except where this is clearly and explicitly indicated. About the FDI World Dental Federation FDI World Dental Federation serves as the principal representative body for over one million dentists worldwide. Its membership includes some 200 national member associations and specialist groups in over 130 countries. FDI's vision: 'leading the world to optimal oral health.' www.fdiworlddental.org Contents Chapter 01. Ethics as a defining characteristic of dentistry Chapter 02. Introduction to dental ethics Chapter 03. The standard of care Chapter 04. The duty to treat Chapter 05. Principle of respect for patient autonomy Chapter 06. Confidentiality and privacy Chapter 07. Record-keeping Chapter 08. Professional behaviour Chapter 09. The impact of business on dentistry Chapter 10. Access to care Chapter 11. Research Chapter 12. Culture, altruism, and the environment Appendix: A step-wise approach to ethical decision-making Glossary Authors Wolter Brands DDS JD PhD is dentist and coowner of a dental practice. He was an associate professor and principal lecturer at the UMC St. Radboud and president of IDEALS, as well as editor-in-chief of the Dutch Dental Journal. Currently he serves as a substitute judge in a civil court and is president of the Royal Dutch Dental Association. His research is about the impact of law on daily dental practice. He publishes and lectures on this topic, both nationally and internationally. Sudeshni Naidoo is emeritus professor at the University of the Western Cape. She is involved with postgraduate education and training with a focus on ethics, bioethics, and research ethics. Her CV lists more than 200 publications, including a book on ethics for the dental team. She is current president of the International Dental Ethics and Law Society. Suzette Porter is adjunct associate professor at the University of Queensland and secretary of the International Dental Ethics and Law Society.

Before retiring she was coordinator of community dentistry and director of clinical placements at UQ School of Dentistry. Michael Sereny DDS is co-owner of a dental practice in Hannover, Germany. He was assistant professor at the Medical University of Hannover, president of the dental chamber in Lower Saxony, and board member of the German Dental Association. He was elected chair of FDI Dental Practice Committee in 2016. Ward van Dijk is owner of a dental practice in Amstelveen, the Netherlands. He was member of the national board of the Royal Dutch Dental Association and member, then chair of the FDI Dental Practice Committee. He is commercial manager of a billing company for dentists in the Netherlands and lectures on dental management. Jos Welie studied medicine, philosophy, and law and is currently a Professor of Health Care Ethics at Creighton University (Omaha, USA). He is the Founding Secretary of the International Dental Ethics and Law Society, taught dental ethics for some 15 years, and published extensively on topics in dental ethics, including an edited volume entitled Justice in Oral Health Care: Ethical and Educational Perspectives. Ifenpfad 2-4. The guide provides information on global trends in ageing and the implications for oral health care, and summarizes possible strategies for meeting the oral health needs of older adults. According to FDI, the manual “prepares dental practitioners to confront important ethical dilemmas and uphold an exceptional standard of care throughout their careers.” It is relevant to a wide audience, including experienced clinicians, dental students, dental office managers or policy makers. Features: The manual’s 12 chapters cover a broad range of topics, such as duty to treat, professional behaviour and access to care, and many chapters include a case study and commentary to illustrate ethical dilemmas. You can filter on reading intentions from the list, as well as view them within your profile.

It makes it easy to scan through your lists and keep track of progress. Here's an example of what they look like. Up to 10 copies of this document may be made for your non-commercial personal use, provided that credit is given to the original source. You must have prior written permission for any other reproduction, storage in a retrieval system or transmission, in any form or by any means. It was written by John R. Williams, Ph.D. Its contents do not necessarily reflect the policies of the FDI, except where this is clearly and explicitly indicated. Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Williams, John R. (John Reynold), Dental Ethics Manual. 1. Bioethics 2. Dentist-Patient Relations - ethics. 3. Dentist s Role 4. Dental Research - ethics 5. Interprofessional Relations 6. Education, Dental - ethics 7. Case reports 8. Manuals I.Title ISBN X Dental Ethics Manual Why study dental ethics. Dental ethics, professionalism, human rights and law Conclusion.21 Chapter One - Principal Features of Dental Ethics Objectives What s special about dentistry. What s special about dental ethics. Who decides what is ethical. Does dental ethics change. Does dental ethics differ from one country to another. The role of the FDI How does the FDI decide what is ethical. How do individuals decide what is ethical? Conclusion.41 Chapter Two - Dentists and Patients Objectives Case study What s special about the dentist-patient relationship.

Respect and equal treatment Communication and consent Dual loyalty Resource allocation Public health Global health Back to the case study Chapter Four - Dentists and Colleagues Objectives Case study Relationships with dentist colleagues, teachers and students Reporting unsafe or unethical practices Relationships with other health professionals Cooperation Conflict resolution Back to the case study Chapter Five Ethics and Research Objectives Case study Importance of research Research in dental practice Ethical requirements Ethics review committee approval Scientific merit Dental Ethics Manual Nermin Yamalik, Turkish Dental Association The FDI acknowledges with gratitude the generosity of the World Medical Association in granting permission for the adaptation of its Medical Ethics Manual for dentists. Dental Ethics Manual I want to congratulate and thank each and every one who collaborated in this Dental Ethics Manual. This publication is the result of the FDI s involvement and active promotion of dental ethics over many years. The FDI World Dental Federation is the global dental association representing more than 135 member countries. One of the FDI s roles is to assist the member associations and each dentist in their daily challenges. The FDI International Principles of Ethics for the Dental Profession states that: The professional dentist: will practice according to the art and science of dentistry and to the principles of humanity will safeguard the oral health of patients irrespective of their individual status The importance of ethics as an integral part of the medical profession and thus by implication also the dental profession, as dentistry is part and parcel of general health has been highlighted already by Hippocrates more than 2,000 years ago. The core values of first, do no harm and put the patient first apply to this very day. Practicing dentistry gives rise to a wide spectrum of potential ethical dilemmas.

Modern technology, age- This manual does not list what is right and what is wrong, but provides values and practical examples that will give food for thought and will guide practitioners in making sound ethical decisions in the best interests of their patients. Dental education and training will never be complete unless the curricula of dental schools incorporate a course on dental and medical ethics. The FDI trusts that this Manual will become a source of reference for dental students and practitioners alike. During my Presidency I decided to focus on Excellence, Medical positioning of our profession and Ethics. Excellence in our daily practice is an ethical behaviour Oral health is an intrinsic part of general health; the same fundamental ethos, values and norms guide its practice. Oral healthcare should therefore be approached with the same diligence as medical care. Ethical behaviour gives credibility and trust - indispensable for the good outcome of our treatments As dentists we experience daily the privileged patient practitioner relationship and we have to nurture it. Dental Ethics Manual The primary consideration must always be the patient s health and well-being.This Manual provides the opportunity for dental practitioners, educators, students and all involved in patient care to reflect on the role that we as professionals have to play and how we should act to ensure that in all circumstances we maintain the trust and confidence placed in us by our patients. The Dental Ethics Manual provides easy and enjoyable, yet educational, reading. The old adage of when in doubt, it is probably not ethical is a good personal guideline. The many practical examples in the Manual cover the wide scope of issues applicable to daily practice and will ensure that readers can relate to the situation and contemplate how they would and should handle similar situations in their work environment.

The Manual is published in a practical pocket size format and we hope that it will become an invaluable aid to the work routine of dental practices and dental schools around the globe. We also hope that this Manual will eventually be translated into many languages in order to give all involved in dental education and care around the world the opportunity to benefit from the principles conveyed in this book. Dental Ethics Manual. This publication of this Manual fulfils in part the FDI mission to advance and promote the ethics, art, science and practice of dentistry. Ethical issues are part of our daily lives.For many years the FDI World Dental Federation has been actively engaged in developing ethics policies for dentistry, most notably the International Principles of Ethics for the Dental Profession. In order to assist dentists in understanding and implementing these principles, the FDI has commissioned this Dental Ethics Manual. The Manual is offered as an educational resource to dental students and practising dentists throughout the world. There already exists an excellent and rapidly expanding literature on dental ethics, and this Manual is intended to complement rather than compete with these books and articles. The Manual provides a concise introduction to the basic concepts of ethics and their application to the most common issues encountered by dentists in their daily practice. Learning objectives are provided for the Manual as a whole and for each chapter. Most chapters begin with a typical case that is revisited at the end of the chapter in the light of what was presented there. Resources for further study and reflection are given in the Manual s appendices. Dental Ethics Manual Human rights are the basis of the ethical duties and responsibilities that dentists share with all other persons. However, as members of a profession, dentists have duties and responsibilities over and above those of other citizens.

The Manual identifies and discusses these requirements as they arise in dentists relationships with their patients, society and colleagues and in the context of dental research. The Manual concludes with a consideration of the rights and privileges of dentists, their responsibilities to themselves, and the future of dental ethics. 13 Ethics is an intrinsic component of dental practice. Every day dentists are faced with situations that call for ethical judgment and behaviour. Here are four typical cases: 1. Dr. P has been in practice for 32 years. His older patients appreciate his devoted service and are generally quite happy to let him decide what treatment they will have. Some of his younger patients, on the other hand, resent what they consider to be his paternalistic approach and the lack of information about treatment options. When Carole J, a 28-year-old accountant, asks Dr. P for a referral to an orthodontist to correct a mild overbite, Dr. P refuses because it is his professional opinion that the treatment is unnecessary. He is willing to lose a patient rather than compromise his principle that he should only provide beneficial treatments to patients and will neither mention nor refer patients for treatments that he considers unnecessary or harmful. 2. Dr. S is one of only two dentists in her community. Between them they have just managed to provide basic oral care to the population. Recently her colleague has changed his practice to focus on technically and aesthetically advanced services that only adequately insured or middle and upper class patients can afford. As a result, Dr. S is overwhelmed by patients requiring basic care. She is reluctant to ration her services but feels that she has no choice. She wonders what is the fairest way to do so: by favouring her previous patients over Dental Ethics Manual The four general practice dentists in the community are relieved that they can continue their referrals without interruption.

During his first three months in the community, Dr. C is concerned that a significant number of the patients referred by one of the general practice dentists show evidence of substandard treatment. As a newcomer, Dr. C is reluctant to criticise the referring dentist personally or to report him to higher authorities. However, she feels that she must do something to improve the situation. 4. Dr. R, a general practice dentist in a small rural town, is approached by a contract research organisation (C.R.O.) to participate in a clinical trial of a new sealant. He is offered a sum of money for each patient that he enrols in the trial. The C.R.O. representative assures him that the trial has received all the necessary approvals, including one from an ethics review committee. Dr. R has never participated in a trial before and is pleased to have this opportunity, especially with the extra money. He accepts without inquiring further about the scientific or ethical aspects of the trial. These case studies will be discussed further in the following chapters. Each of them invites ethical reflection. They raise questions about the behaviour Dentists face these kinds of questions just as often as scientific and technical ones. In dental practice, no matter what the specialty or the setting, some questions are much easier to answer than others. For example, repairing a caries lesion is generally unproblematic for dentists who are accustomed to performing this procedure. At the other end of the spectrum, there can be great uncertainty or disagreement about how to treat some conditions, even common ones such as periodontal disease. Likewise, ethical questions in dentistry are not all equally challenging. Some are relatively easy to answer, mainly because there is a well-developed consensus on the right way to act in the situation (for example, the dentist should always obtain valid consent to treatment).

Others are much more difficult, especially those for which no consensus has developed or where all the options have drawbacks (for example, rationing of scarce resources). So, what exactly is ethics and how does it help dentists deal with such questions. Put simply, ethics is the study of morality careful and systematic reflection on and analysis of moral decisions and behaviour, whether past, present or future. Morality is the value dimension of human decision-making and behaviour. The language of morality includes nouns such as rights, responsibilities and virtues and adjectives such as good and bad (or evil ), right and wrong, just and unjust. According to these definitions, ethics is primarily a matter of knowing Dental Ethics Manual 1. Words in Italics are defined in the glossary at the end of the manual (Appendix A). Their close relationship consists in the concern of ethics to provide rational criteria for people to decide or behave in some ways rather than others. 17 Since ethics deals with all aspects of human behaviour and decision making, it is a very large and complex field of study with many branches or subdivisions. The focus of this Manual is dental ethics, the branch of ethics that deals with moral issues in dental practice. Dental ethics is closely related, but not identical, to bioethics. Whereas dental ethics focuses primarily on issues arising in the practice of dentistry, bioethics is a very broad subject that is concerned with the moral issues raised by developments in the biological sciences more generally. Bioethics also differs from dental ethics insofar as it does not require the acceptance of certain values that are specific to a particular health care practice, in our case to oral health care. In Chapter One we will discuss which values are fundamental to the practice of dentistry. As an academic discipline, dental ethics has developed its own specialised vocabulary, including many terms that have been borrowed from philosophy.

However, dental ethics is not philosophy applied to the practice of dentistry, and this Manual does not presuppose any familiarity with philosophy in its readers. Therefore definitions of key terms are provided either where they occur in the text or in the glossary at the end of the Manual. Why study dental ethics. As long as the dentist is a knowledgeable and skilful clinician, ethics doesn t matter. Dental ethics is learned by observing how senior dentists act, not from books or lectures. Ethics is important, but our curriculum is already too crowded and there is no room for ethics teaching. These are some of the common reasons given for not assigning ethics a major role in the dental school curriculum. Each of them is partially, but only partially, valid. Increasingly throughout the world, dental schools are realising that they need to provide their students with adequate time and resources for learning ethics. They have received strong encouragement to move in this direction from organisations such as the FDI World Dental Federation as well as many other international and national organisations concerned with dental health. By way of example Appendix C contains a digest of statements on the ethical competencies of dentists as developed by the Association for Dental Education in Europe, the General Dental Council (U.K.), the Association of Canadian Faculties of Dentistry and the (USA) Commission on Dental Accreditation. The importance of ethics in dental education will become apparent throughout this Manual. To summarise, ethics is and always has been an essential component of dental practice. Ethical principles such as respect for persons, informed consent and confidentiality are basic to the dentist-patient relationship.

However, the application of these principles in specific situations is often problematic, since dentists, patients, their family members and other oral health personnel may disagree about what Dental Ethics Manual Moreover, developments in dental science and technology and changes in societal values and structures are constantly posing new ethical challenges. The study of ethics prepares dental students and practising dentists to recognise and deal with such issues in a rational and principled manner, whether in their interactions with patients, society or their colleagues and in the conduct of dental research. 19 Dental Ethics, Professionalism, Human Rights and Law Dentistry has been a recognised profession for less than two centuries. Previously it overlapped with medicine and so the origins of dental ethics can be found in traditional medical ethics. As will be seen in Chapter One, ethics has been an integral part of medicine at least since the time of Hippocrates, the fifth century B.C.E. (before the Christian era) Greek physician who is regarded as a founder of medical ethics. The concept of medicine as a profession is often attributed to Hippocrates, whereby physicians make a public promise that they will place the interests of their patients above their own interests (see Chapter Three for further explanation). The close relationship of ethics and professionalism in dentistry will be evident throughout this Manual. In recent times both medical ethics and dental ethics have been greatly influenced by developments in human rights. In a pluralistic and multicultural world, with many different moral traditions, the major international human rights agreements can provide a foundation for dental ethics that is acceptable across national and cultural boundaries.

Moreover, dentists sometimes have to deal with They are greatly affected by the debate over whether health care is a human right, since the answer to this question in any particular country determines to a large extent who has access to dental care. This Manual will give careful consideration to human rights issues as they affect dental practice. Dental ethics is also closely related to law. In most countries there are laws that specify how dentists are required to deal with ethical issues in patient care and research. In addition, the dental licensing and regulatory officials in each country can and do punish dentists for ethical violations. Usually the requirements of dental ethics and law are similar. But ethics should not be confused with law. One difference between the two is that laws can differ significantly from one country to another while ethics is generally applicable across national boundaries. In addition, ethics quite often prescribes higher standards of behaviour than does the law, and occasionally situations may arise where the two conflict. In such circumstances dentists must use their own best judgement whether to comply with the law or follow ethical principles. Where unjust laws conflict with ethical principles, dentists should work individually and collectively to change the laws. Although dentists should be familiar with the legal aspects of dentistry, the focus of this Manual is on ethics, moral values and professional commitments rather than law. Dental Ethics Manual Science deals with what can be observed and measured, and a competent dentist recognises the signs of oral disease and knows how to restore good oral health. But scientific dentistry has its limits, particularly in regard to human individuality, culture, religion, freedom, rights and responsibilities. The art of dentistry involves the application of dental science and technology to individual patients, families and communities, no two of which are identical.

By far the major part of the differences among individuals, families and communities is non-physiological, and it is in recognising and dealing with these differences that the arts, humanities and social sciences, along with ethics, play a major role. Indeed, ethics itself is enriched by the insights and data of these other disciplines; for example, a theatrical presentation of a clinical dilemma can be a more powerful stimulus for ethical reflection and analysis than a simple case description. This Manual can provide only a basic introduction to dental ethics and some of its central issues. It is intended to give you an appreciation of the need for continual reflection on the ethical dimension of dentistry, and especially on how to deal with the ethical issues that you will encounter in your own practice. A list of resources is provided in Appendix B to help you deepen your knowledge of this field. 21 22 22 CHAPTER ONE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF DENTAL ETHICS Objectives After working through this chapter you should be able to: explain why ethics is important to dentistry identify the major sources of dental ethics recognise different approaches to ethical decision-making, including your own. What s Special about Dentistry. In virtually every part of the world, being a dentist has meant something special. People come to dentists for help with some of their most pressing needs relief from pain and suffering and restoration of oral health and well-being. They allow dentists to see, touch and manipulate their bodies and they disclose information about themselves that they would not want others to know. They do this because they trust their dentists to act in their best interests. As noted above, dentistry is a recognised profession. At the same time, however, it is a commercial enterprise, whereby dentists employ their skills to earn a living.http://www.btrcontrols.com/images/breville-ikon-bread-maker-bbm600-manual.pdf